By Narayan Prasad Mishra
In countries with multiparty systems, we see a variety of political parties. At the same time, most parties are based on "isms" like socialism, communism, Marxism, capitalism, feudalism, liberalism, conservatism, progressivism, nationalism, etc. Similarly, we also encounter political systems and governance structures that end in "cracy", like democracy, aristocracy, autocracy, meritocracy, etc. These days, however, most parties are centered around democracy and communism. In Nepal, we have a multiparty democracy with 119 political parties of different names based on "isms" and "cracy" registered in the Election Commission's Office as of 2081/3/12.
There is also a political term in English that ends in "cracy": "kleptocracy". This is a system of governance where leaders exploit their positions for personal gain, and it has, unfortunately, been brought into practice in many nations around the world. However, no one openly admits to loving kleptocracy. Derived from the Greek words "klepto" (to steal) and "kratos" (rule), it literally translates to "rule by thieves." While citizens suffer under the weight of corruption, politicians who thrive in kleptocratic systems find it to be the most convenient and advantageous structure—one that aligns perfectly with their ambitions.
Kleptocracy offers politicians unparalleled opportunities to amass wealth and consolidate power. Unlike systems built on accountability, transparency, and public service, kleptocracy operates in a shadowy realm where manipulation, cronyism, and exploitation reign supreme. Kleptocracy is not tied to a specific ideology like socialism or communism but is instead a description of governance defined by systemic corruption and self-serving leadership. It's a fitting term for situations where power structures are dominated by greed and embezzlement rather than genuine political principles.
It is said that in kleptocracies, state resources—be they public funds, natural reserves, or foreign aid—are treated as the personal piggy banks of those in power. Politicians in such systems relish the lack of checks and balances, which allows them to siphon off public money with impunity. Contracts are awarded to cronies, and public projects and funds are used for personal benefit. The systemic corruption of a kleptocracy ensures that accountability mechanisms—such as independent judiciaries, free media, or anti-corruption bodies—are either weakened or co-opted. Politicians protect themselves by cultivating a network of loyalists in law enforcement, courts, and regulatory bodies. This ensures that their actions, no matter how egregious, remain unpunished.
Despite rampant theft, kleptocratic politicians often maintain their grip on power through patronage. By distributing small favors, jobs, or resources to select groups, they create a facade of generosity while perpetuating dependence. This strategy ensures loyalty from key constituencies and diverts attention from the larger thefts occurring at the top.
While kleptocracy benefits politicians, it devastates nations. The looting of public resources leads to underfunded infrastructure, failing healthcare systems, substandard education, and widespread poverty. The trust deficit between citizens and the government grows, resulting in social unrest and, often, long-term instability. The economic cost is staggering, and stagnation keeps nations locked in cycles of underdevelopment.
Moreover, kleptocracies erode moral and ethical standards in society. When leaders openly engage in corruption, they set an example for citizens, normalizing dishonesty and undermining the social fabric. The consequences are far-reaching as future generations grow up in a culture where integrity is devalued. Despite these harms, kleptocracy remains deeply entrenched in many parts of the world.
When the ugly picture of kleptocracy comes to my mind, and I compare it with our own country, I feel sad and sick to see an exact resemblance. We are unfortunate to witness almost all governments—whether run by a single-party majority or a coalition—serving themselves, their party loyalists, and their followers. All keep their eagle eyes on money, positions, and power for themselves and their close associates. According to news reports, all governments have been accused of rampant corruption and are involved in numerous cases and scandals. Not long ago, we heard about the unimaginable irregularities and corruption involved in the construction of Pokhara International Airport. We also know that the case will disappear soon from the scene like a water bubble, with the culprits going unpunished, as it has become an established culture in the country. We see a large number of people who are helpless, suffering without jobs or justice and are forced to go abroad for work. The country's economy is deteriorating day by day. The market price of everything is unthinkably high, putting basic necessities beyond the reach of middle-class and poor people.
However, the party in power, the government, and their sycophants continue to paint a rosy picture of the country. Though their actions and practices suggest that kleptocracy is their most loved political system and that they are all kleptocrats or kleptophilists, they never tire of talking about democracy, meritocracy, socialism, communism, equality, and justice.
We have a proverb in Nepali: "Hatiko dekhaune daat ra khane daat farak hunchha" (An elephant's tusks are for show, but its real teeth are hidden). This highlights the difference between appearance and reality. It seems their ideologies of "isms" and "cracy" are merely for show, used to attract people. However, their true ideology is kleptocracy. They appear to use these words as bait to deceive people, much like fishing bait.
We see the undebatable, unbearably clear picture of corruption, bad governance, and kleptocracy in the country. At the same time, we also see a large number of people connected with political parties who are beneficiaries of it and do not see it. In this situation, I believe the system of kleptocracy will continue in the country unless and until people become aware of this bait, get educated, and grow conscious. Combating kleptocracy requires collective action from citizens, robust institutions, and global cooperation to ensure that the rule of law—not theft—governs the nation. Only then can we move toward systems that prioritize public welfare over personal gain.
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