By Meera Rajbhandari Amatya  It has been just a few months for the new elected local governments in Nepal. In Kathmandu, mayor Balen Shaha is devoted to restoring the originality of identity, value, culture, and cultural heritage of Kathmandu and is much more focused on safe and clean water and green Kathmandu. The most challenging jobs are now for him and his team to manage the traffics, make policies and implement protection of the environment, vendors and solid waste management. Under the leadership of mayor Shaha, Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) has noticed requesting the public to public by segregating the garbage from their home ownership. Similarly, Harka Sampang the mayor of Dharan Municipality nowadays is much busy rebuilding Dharan from various perspectives of developmental aspects. His campaign for building Dharan as an abundant place for safe and ample drinking water, green and Vegetius, no drugs, and rights of land, territory, and human development. Since mayor Sampang is working himself in the field all Dharanis are seemed involved in every title of the campaign for the betterment of Dharan, much more it can be said that he is working for a better Nepal. To revive and rebuild the stone spout, temples, and heritages the young gyrations are serving the local government in three cities of the Kathmandu Valley. The success story of the campaigning of Dharan for saving and reviving water for the environment including social issues is proving how responsible citizens can contribute to building the nation preserving and addressing environmental and social issues. The ex-mayor Bidhya Sundar Shakya and deputy mayor Hari Prabha Khadgi had commenced the revolution to revert the ponds, stone spout, cultural heritage, art, music, dance, and costumes of Kathmandu the capital city of Nepal. Sunil Prajapati and his team are focused on reviving the 33 ponds of Bhaktapur district, the district handling the ancient civilization of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu is the capital of the federal republic of democratic Nepal. Most of the Nepalis from 77 districts and 7 provinces of the country have been and are habitant here since no historical documentation exactly. Cultural value, its practice, language, cast, ethnicity, religion, lifestyle everything is welcomed from era to era by the Kathmanduists. Newa and Tamang are the indigenous nationalities known as the Bhumi Putra, who are directly connected to determine and make beautiful it as Nepa: Mandal or Newa Aadi Bhumi. In the era of globalization today, as much as an environmental issue is becoming more intensive. It is possible to say that the issue of the environment is as important as in the past. The history of debate on environmental issues is found to be five thousand years old in writing. In the Vedic period, the “Richas” of the Vedas have mentioned in various “shlokas” for the safety of the environment, the relations between the environment and humans and much more about the way and rules of environmental protection and hygiene. The Vedas say that the special meaning of environmental balance is complete harmony between the whole living creatures and all the biological and abiotic conditions around them. What is perfect harmony, and what is its importance, are described in detail in all four Vedas. It is said in the Vedas that all the lives of all living creatures depend on healthy air. In another word, the air has life-giving power. Therefore, it is necessary for its hygiene and compatibility with environmental hygiene. Vayu or air is praised in the Vedas. In Buddhist philosophy, it is mentioned that humans and all the elements of the earth are complementary to each other, so they should be sensitive to all the elements of the natural environment. Human beings are not the only creatures who are the most important to nature. The modern lifestyle does not seem particularly serious about other parts of the earth or animals and fauna. Our religion, culture, and tradition of yesterday made special rules for the protection of all the elements of the earth and put them into practice rationally. I remember my childhood, there were certain communities from Newah: it has a tradition or traditional law “Guthi” culture has mentioned the rule to provide grains and water to the pigeons and other birds in daily routine. The grains such as rice, corn, wheat, etc., were provided by certain groups from “ Gadhiyar” to the birds by turns from “Ayesta”, for that the Newah: the community had settled the Guthi Jagga. It shows, how our ancestors were well-known and serious about the environmental issues and relationships between man and all leaving creatures more than today’s modern era. Unfortunately, now it is to say, the distortion of selling even private land has increased and the land belonging to the “Guthi”. Since 2004, Rajguthi and other Guthi land under Guthi Sansthan Act made the situation to capture the all rights under the Government and then distortion of Guthi was started, tells the elders from various Guthi intuitions of Yen De Kathmandu. Thousands of plantation lands under Rajguthi, especially in the valleys, hills, and Madhes, especially culture, man-made natural water lands, forest and wildlife management, protection, and promotion and the Datta (property or works) kept for the performance of work for their sustainability and sustainable development are being destroyed. Let's hope that the experts will continue this study as the main part in the coming days. Chiribabu Maharjan, mayor of the Lalitpur Metropolitan City, recounts the memories of the past when there is no rain even in the month of Asar and there is a drought, the people of Lalitpur used to go through the Godavari and reach Poolchoki by playing slow flutes, Dhime Baja etc. and then it rained. Isn’t it interesting in the present modern era? For environmental protection, our human civilization has arranged various customary laws, festivals, etc. under different civilizations in the past. In Newa civilization, under the system of Guthi, Nakhchakha (festival) etc., for environmental balance, sustainable environmental protection and environmental cleanliness, religion being observed for centuries under the name of culture. There is a practice of cleaning such as Siti Nakh, Tunthi or well, Pukhu (pond), Lohn Hiti or stone spout. In the farming community, there is still a practice of producing compost manure and managing rotting waste. In Hinduism, we still have the tradition of planting basil, planting trees, sowing Sadwij (the mix of 7 seeds) performing Shraddha and immersing objects and other food items in the river to keep nature and life alive. More specifically, around August, when the water flow in the river is rapid and continuous, the food for the aquatic animals found in the river resources is washed away due to the flood. In the same way, the Muslim community is found to plant trees in the cemetery, keep the house clean and tidy, and when a mausoleum is built under the Kirant community, it is common to keep the surroundings of the tree planted on the mausoleum clean. The Kapalis in the Newa community have been maintaining environmental balance and environmental cleanliness through the rites of burying human bodies underground as tombs, planting trees around them and cleaning them. Midori Kaguwafox wrote in 'The Crucial Role of Culture in Japanese Environmental Philosophy' that the foundation of the development of Japan's environmental philosophy is its culture. Various ponds in Kathmandu Valley including Siddha Pond, Bhaju Pond (recently reconstructed), Lanipokhari (Ranipokhari: Currently, the campaign to take it back at the initiative of Bhaktapur Municipality and local citizens) including 33 ponds in various places in Bhaktapur have been built for various cultural purposes and internally for environmental protection. All the Newa communities of Bhaktapur have a tradition of 'Dewali' or Dyu Pujawa, De: Puja, where the members of the family gather who were bounded for 13 days dead ceremony. They gather near the pond and the adjacent open square ground (in the past under the protection of Sainik School) and perform Kulayan Puja or De Puja. About the historical background of De: Puja: of Kathmandu, senior citizens from the Kathmandu Metropolitan City say that there is a shrine for Kulayan Puja or De: Puja of the local Newah: in the Tundikhel or Tinkhya: or Tunavanigu Khyah: (the bog lands) in the middle of the area, which is next to the Dasharath Stadium. After the Maoist conflict, the military authorities closed not only the temple and ritual lands but also the road leading from Bhadrakali to the Bhadrakali Maitghar in the southeast, citing national security. Among the special environmental problems or environmental pollution issues of Kathmandu Metropolitan City are air quality and traffic management, settlement patterns, waste management and preparation for earthquakes and soil erosion before natural disasters. It is an urban tradition to continue human activities such as migration and commuting in Kathmandu for livelihood, administrative work, business, and new potential opportunities. The population of Kathmandu is increasing greatly due to the sum local population, migration, and temporary population. However, according to the growing population, limited staff and a small budget are not enough to manage the garbage in Kathmandu, according to concerned employees. They also complain that even though they are working with the existing budget, there is no special support from the citizens in waste management and because of that there is a lack of awareness among the citizens. Dr. Dhurvaraj Pokharel, Professor of Sankardev Campus, says, "Nepal is not poor in terms of environmental policies and laws, but there are many weaknesses in environmental management." Waste management and solid waste segregation: Garbage classification or waste segregation is the process of separating the waste collected from houses, shops, hotels, restaurants or any business into biodegradable and non-biodegradable, salable, reusable/non-liquid, and solid waste. Waste classification or segregation is the act of separating household waste, industrial waste, chemical waste, health care waste, harmful waste, compostable decomposing waste, landfill waste, etc. In the amount of garbage emitted in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, organic is 70.87 percent, plastic is 9.18 percent, paper or paper is 8.51 percent, rubber is 0.54, textile is 3.02, metal is 0. 92 percent, glass is 2.09, the skin is 0.12 percent and inactive 4.33 percent respect. Since citizens also have a duty and responsibility in waste management, if they control and manage the waste generated or generated from their homes, the percentage of waste that is being managed by the metropolitan cities and municipalities will decrease. Under the system of sorting garbage from the kitchen of the house decided by the metropolitans and municipalities, 20 points of responsibility have been identified as part of the responsibilities that the citizens must follow to manage the garbage. The responsibility that the citizens must follow to manage the garbage in the garbage separation defined by the Metropolitan Corporation, is not only a responsibility but also the duty of an aware citizen towards the campaign of the Metropolitan Corporation to build a clean and healthy Kathmandu. In the past, Kathmandu Metropolitan City, which started with two inspectors and a team of 55 employees in the office at Bishnumati under the 'Safai Adda', which was given the responsibility of keeping Kathmandu city clean and tidy by managing garbage, is the only responsible body for garbage management. Since Bikram Samvat 1976, 'Safai Adda', which has been focused on the cleanliness of Kathmandu for 120 years, is now facing different challenges when it has reached the modern form of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. According to a report of the metropolitan and municipalities, the reality of Kathmandu confirms that 300 grams of waste are produced per person per day. One thousand 45 metric tons of waste is being managed daily by the Metropolitan Corporation, which is 50 percent of the waste coming out of the three cities of Kathmandu Valley. Chapter 3 of the Local Government Operation Act, 2074, Work, Duties, Rights of Rural Municipality and Municipality, Section 11 (j) of basic sanitation, (6) enhancement of hygiene awareness and sanitary waste management, (7) sanitary waste collection, reuse, processing, The local government is responsible for determining and regulating drainage and its service fees and (10) coordination, cooperation, partnership and management with the sanitation and health sector. To achieve the objectives under the jurisdictions and responsibilities mentioned above, to put the slogan of 'Beautiful with a healthy environment: our Kathmandu' to the side, the commitment that 'clean the city campaign will be implemented as a program and a policy to make the city a pollution-free clean city' will be implemented. Under the policy and program of the local gazette part one of the fiscal year 074/75, the policy under 'information and communication, our right to be well-informed' for the necessary infrastructure to transform it into a smart city is to 'manage the garbage at the point of emission i.e., at home and to have a positive impact on public health. And 20 points of policies and programs have been implemented by the Metropolitan City of Kathmandu itself, including 'cooperativeness and collectivity in the community. The role of People’s participation and public awareness:  Babu Raja Dyola, a cleaner, has many examples of how many employees were injured and could not attend work for months due to the haphazard throwing of rotting garbage, lead, paper, plastic, and recently computers, laptops, and batteries. According to Dyola, "Citizens only complain that the municipality does not pick up garbage on time, but they don’t try to understand the challenges that are faced by the municipality. They have less awareness of how much waste can be disposed of at home themselves and support the municipality." Glass, paper, hard plastic, clothes, pieces of iron, and batteries can be sold and reused, but they throw them mixed together, that’s why sometimes our hands are cut off, and sometimes our feet are cut even if we are wearing shoes. In fact, the situation matches Professor Dr. Dhruba Pokharel's statement, “the special problem of Kathmandu Metropolitan City is waste management. As the Metropolitan Corporation is the only responsible body in Kathmandu, it is necessary for the Metropolitan Corporation itself to create a solid policy for a clean environment through citizen awareness in the future and bring it into the scope of implementation.” In the past, to maintain the existence of all elements of the environment including human and animal life, customary laws and regulations were arranged under Guthi and family rituals, but currently, in the modern environment, the level of awareness of the public about the policies that have been made for a clean and healthy environment in various areas of Nepal, especially the Kathmandu Valley, including the Kathmandu Metropolitan City, is declining. What is the natural environment, what are the environmental issues of Kathmandu Valley, 'segregation' under waste management, i.e., decomposable, and non-decomposable, recycling, which can be used again, and 'garbage from garbage', which can be sold and earned money, is not special among the public. Chini Kaji Maharjan the president of Ward No 22 Kathmandu, says, "We are not able to do special work for the awareness of the citizens. The main problem is that there are more litterers and fewer cleaners, so the management of garbage has always been a problem in Kathmandu." The only special work that the wards and the metropolitan corporation, which must run on a limited budget, is only garbage collection. Even in the current situation, at least by making composting pots available at affordable prices, has made it easier to manage the rotting waste at home to some extent. It will happen if the media helps in the work of the state. There is a need for the support of journalism to make citizens aware of waste management. Conclusion:  Practice of a clean and healthy environment is a human right granted by the constitution, along with human rights and the sustainability of a green and clean natural environment for future generations. To make the strategy healthy for future generations, at present these generations need the state system. According to the recent census 2078, there is a population of 14 lakh 71 thousand 867. The traffic flow of Kathmandu Metropolis is faster than the other three cities of Kathmandu Valley. Managing the 1,450 metric tons of waste produced or emitted daily in Kathmandu Valley is not so easy. In recent days Gokarna, Sisdol and the future Sisdol landfill site to Banchere Danda are not only the solution to get off the way for solid waste management, but it will be a much better solution for KMC if the citizens provide the segregated waste to KMC. A little help and feeling towards the national development, responsibility duty to solid waste management from home, would it have been one more brick in the reconstruction of the new Nepal of the state government. The writer is a student of PhD on Environment and Media, Tribhuvan University, Nepal  amatyameera@gmail.com